On the meanings of ‘totty’

Wild Yorkshire today muses on Totties. In Anglo-Saxon, Wild Yorkshire notes…

‘tōta’ was a lookout post

Interesting. Bosworth-Toller has it only as the root tot, ‘a projection’. A quick look at other sources does suggest ‘lookout (post)’. The implication is that the post’s watchers look about or ‘project’ their gaze about ‘here and there’, turning their heads in a way that is uncertain to the distant viewer. An old dictionary suggests a root in Old Norse totter (still understood, as in ‘she tottered about here and there’) and there was also apparently a similar ancient Belgian word with similar meaning. ‘Tootling about’ then appears to be the more modern car-inflected form. One could today talk about a tall old person ‘tottering about’ the town on legs, but the same person would ‘tootle about’ in a small car — with the ‘toot’ part of the word implying also a certain giddiness of driving that means the horn has to be tooted more often than not. Which might cause heads to turn.

‘Unsteady, dizzy, tottering about giddily’ seems to be the broad older meaning. The 1913 Webster’s had…

Totty (?), a. [Old English toti. Cf. Totter.] Unsteady; dizzy; tottery. [Obsolete or Provincial Engish], [used by] Sir W. Scott.

“For yet his noule [head] was totty of the must”. Spenser.

In the full text of the quote we can see this relates to wine…

Then came October full of merry glee:
For, yet his noule [head] was totty [dizzy] of the must [fresh fuming juice from the wine],
which he was treading in the wine-vats see,
And of the joyous oyle [oil], whose gentle gust
Made him so frollick and so full of lust.

— Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, Book VII (1605), Canto VII, Stanza 39.

Consider also the use of “tot” for drinking, as in the famous British naval “tot of rum”. One is giving the seaman not only the gulp of hard liquor (the ‘tot’), but also the ‘tottering’ effect it will have on the head and gait.

Yet the word is not just relevant to dizziness caused by wine or rum or (in a few Middle-English military examples) a sharp blow to the head. “Giddy, hare-brained” is a definition from the Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1720s/30s) and shows it can imply a general colt-ish giddiness of manner.

Which brings me to the modern meaning of totty (as ‘attractive nicely-dressed girls, tall and frisky and a bit giddy’). This meaning is not understood by all, curiously. A colleague was once showing a workman round a 16-18 college, and he later reported in the staff room that he had been utterly baffled by the man’s frank man-to-man exclamations about the vast amount of ‘totty’ to be seen in the place. He assumed the workman was referring to some kind of builder’s putty that had been used on the building’s fabric. Only later was the poor fellow told the meaning which every working-man in the Black Country knew. It is a class-based word.

One can see how this meaning might broadly relate to the Old English which Wild Yorkshire and dictionaries mention. Both a tower and a ‘frisky female’ totty being, by implication, ‘tall’ and also something to which one’s eye is immediately ‘drawn to’. They are head-turners, in other words. Consider also that a tall thin watch-tower is also something which one might ascend in a dizzying spiral manner, and at the top of which one might have a dizzying head-turning view.

All of which is perhaps interesting re: Tolkien, when you consider both the old disused watch-towers at the edge of the Shire and that in The Lord of the Rings Aragorn was originally to have been Trotter. Having wooden prosthetic feet, his name might initially seem to some to have implied ‘unsteady’, ‘tottering about’. And yet Trotter implies both a pig’s trotters and a horse’s trot, which are both very firm and steady things, quite the opposite of tottering. Tot- (giddy movement, elevated, head) and trot (sure steady movement, grounded, foot) look to me like similarly-named opposites.

Another mega-Tolk

Another ‘mega-Tolk’, being my regular big ‘combo PDF’ made by combining various interesting-looking recent papers on Tolkien…

* A review of a book I was completely unaware of, which slipped out just before Christmas 2021, A Sense of Tales Untold: Exploring the Edges of Tolkien’s Literary Canvas. There’s a leftist review in Journal of Tolkien Research. The extended tub-thumping about academic working conditions is, as usual with leftists, ‘preaching to the converted’. This aspect of the review might better have been stripped out and made into a more public article with quotes, for somewhere like the THES. There’s another review in Mythlore which is more straightforward.

As for the book itself it’s a Kent State University book and is thus too expensive for me though at least is not one of those £120 tomes. It’s 150 pages and judging by the reviews it treads Silmarillion territory and hardly touches LOTR. There’s no preview of it on Google Books, and even Amazon refuses to load the ‘Look Inside’ for it, so I can’t see if my The Cracks of Doom: Untold Tales in Middle-earth (2018) is mentioned. Judging by the two reviews, it isn’t.

* Another review of Tolkien and the Classical World in Mythlore, and another in Lembas which usefully names the German scholars identified by Burton as having influenced Tolkien: Victor Hehn and Otto Schrade. Also a review of Tolkien and the Classics in Finfar.

* “Possible Analogues of Invented Plant Species of Tolkien’s Middle-Earth in Earth’s Current Flora”.

* “Commentary on “Musings on Limlight”” (Elvish etymology of the name of the river Limlight) (See also the section ‘light’, in the new Commentary on The Nature of Middle-earth from the same authors).

* Birds of Creation in the Old English Exeter Book (paywall, abstract only).

* Review of Tolkien and the Sea: Proceedings of the Tolkien Society Seminar 1996. (Now re-published as an affordable edition).

* “A Lost Tale, A Found Influence: Earendel and Tinuviel”. (The lost tale of Wade as a model for Tolkien’s ‘lost’ Tale of Earendel)

* “Seeing Double: Tolkien and the Indo-European Divine Twins”.

* Historykon review of the 2020 Polish book Mitologia Polnocy a Chrzescijanstwo… “An equally interesting figure is Earendel, who is compared by researchers and the author with the morning star and also with Mary, John the Baptist or even Jesus. The mysterious mythological figure becomes even more mysterious, and this mystery also inspired J.R.R. Tolkien to The Lord of the Rings. In my opinion, the sub-section is the best part of the book. Renata Lesniakiewicz-Drzymala makes here a great analysis of the mythological figure and then gives the answer what it could have been and what it could symbolize in the Christian world.” (On the topic see also the recent French La Terre du Milieu: Tolkien et la mythologie germano-scandinave).

The publisher’s TOCs show this as covering pages 134 – 167:—
2.0. Earendel – the brightest of the angels.
2.1. Variants of the name Earendel and their mythical connotations.
2.2. Earendel and the O Oriens.
2.3. Earendel – Christ, Mary or John the Baptist?
2.4. Earendel and Christianity.

Sounds good, but I’m not sure how one would squeeze even the briefest survey of all that into just 32 pages. I can’t really afford it, but I suppose I shall have to get a copy of the book to scan and translate. Amazon UK knows nothing about it, but thankfully it is relatively cheap at £10 via the ‘Polish books to the UK’ service ksiegarniainternetowa.co.uk. Despite not appearing to offer PayPal, they do… with a 50 pence surcharge. Ah well, there goes a third of the income made so far from my emergency Tolkien in Cornwall ebook production. Thankfully I’m now slightly better placed on cash, than I was just before Christmas.

Update: I now have the book. The earendel section actually covers pages 97-116, 20 pages.

Digital Tolkien

There’s a large new digital commission… “inspired by Tolkien, Birmingham & fantasy, to be located in Birmingham city-centre. Open to “all artists” but the outcome must be digital and they anticipate some sort of… “gateway between our fantastic city and the fantasy worlds it opened up”. The aim is to attract tourists from across the region, presumably on the back of the new politically-correct Amazon TV series. The commission is an open call in the first instance. Deadline: 16th February 2022.

At the lower end of a budget I guess a well-produced audio walking-tour, with some VR for the kids, might fit the bill. The key city-centre locations would then be: 37 New St. (site of Cornish’s Bookshop); the site of Barrow’s Tea-Rooms; and the Burne-Jones collection at the Museum. The site of his school was (in his words) desecrated in a “ghastly” manner and is not now somewhere to send people. The Oratory and the Catholic Cathedral are sites, but outside the city-centre and too far to walk. Also too politically incorrect for arts managers to approve.

At the higher end of an overall budget, one might tap into the window-dressing expertise of the big dept. stores, the costumes expertise of the theatres, and the city’s digital expertise, to create a range of (somehow digitally) interactive Tolkien-themed window displays in the big show-windows.

Three more on Tolkien

I found a few more recent Tolkien papers / chapters which seemed of interest to me, two in open access:

* “Tolkien: sobre la trascendencia desde el corazon artistico”. Part of a 2021 Spanish-language volume of essays whose title translates as The Absent Presence: God in Contemporary Literature, from the University of Castilla-La Mancha. (Gives the initial appearance of being about the discovery of earendel, but this is quickly skipped over and the text is actually a survey-study of the creation elements in The Silmarillion).

* “Finnic tetrameter in J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Story of Kullervo in comparison to W.F. Kirby’s English translation of the Kalevala. (A close line-by-line study, comparing the “chunks of poetry” in Tolkien’s Story with Kirby’s 1907 translation).

* Tolkien and Auden, a study in Russian with an English abstract available… “… examines the main stages of the relationship: Auden’s studies at Oxford University, where Tolkien was one of the lecturers and examiners of the poet, and the friendship that arose several decades later on the basis of a common interest of the former student and the professor in Old English poetry, as well as Auden’s deep interest in the epic novel The Lord of the Rings and Tolkien’s works in general. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of Tolkien’s letters to Auden, which are characterised by a confidential, friendly tone. It is noted that these letters are an important source of information about the reasons, history and ways of writing of Tolkien’s works. The situations behind specific letters are revealed through engagement with additional sources.”

New book: Tolkien and the Lizard: J.R.R. Tolkien in Cornwall, 1914

My new book Tolkien and the Lizard: J.R.R. Tolkien in Cornwall, 1914 was sold in ebook as a time-limited fundraiser for my larger book on Tolkien.

Update: My thanks to the nine people who purchased copies of the Cornwall ebook. As of Sept 2022 the much larger book is now published, and it includes ‘Tolkien in Cornwall’. The new book is available to buy now, from this page.

Another mega-Tolk

Another round up of interesting new Tolkien items, mostly free:

The Journal of Tolkien Research has a new issue. Three new papers from the prolific Kristine Larsen, all of interest.

* Who Maketh Morwinyon, and Menelmacar, and Remmirath, and the Inner Parts of the South (Where the Stars are Strange): Tolkien’s Astronomical Choices and the Books of Job and Amos.

* Smaug’s Hoard, Durin’s Bane, and Agricola’s De Re Metallica: Cautionary Tales Against Mining in Tolkien’s Legendarium and the Classical Tradition.

* “Ore-ganisms”: The Myth and Meaning of ‘Living Rock’ in Middle-earth.

Also three indexes, all apparently new, to key Tolkien journals.

Another bumper Mythlore issue, including…

* All Worthy Things: The Personhood of Nature in J.R.R. Tolkien’s Legendarium.

* The Shape of Water in J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings. (water symbolism)

* The Enigmatic Loss of Proto-Hobbitic. (the languages of early hobbits)

The latest Fafnir has…

* Book Review: Music in Tolkien’s Work and Beyond.

* Book Review: Utopian and Dystopian Themes in Tolkien’s Legendarium.

Unexpected has…

* Pius Samwise: Roman Heroism in The Lord of the Rings.

A paywalled book chapter, but of mild interest…

* Medieval Animals in Middle-earth. Update: May also be open access (temporary?) here.


Also an event, The Inklings and Horror: Fantasy’s Dark Corners – Online Winter Seminar 2022.

Tolkien Studies 2021

Tolkien Studies 2021 has landed on Project Muse. Including, of interest to me…

* Speculative Mythology: Tolkien’s Adaptation of Winter and the Devil in Old English Poetry.

* A review of Garth’s fine new book The Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien: The Places That Inspired Middle-earth.

* The Year’s Work in Tolkien Studies 2018.

* Bibliography (in English) for 2019.

A full listing including abstracts is at Tolkienists.

“… many fair letters of strange and ancient shapes”

Yet more interesting new papers on Tolkien, freely online…

“Tolkien, Manuscripts, and Dialects”.

“Where the Shadows Lie: Tolkien’s Medieval View of Free Will, Temptation, and Evil”.

“Earendel and the Dragon” (compares the three battles against Melkor “to depictions of astronomical events in … medieval annals”).

“Tolkien Beyond the Myth” (Law & Liberty review of the new book Tolkien’s Modern Reading: Middle-earth Beyond the Middle Ages).

“Journey Back Again: Reasons to Revisit Middle-earth” (Mythlore book review, summer 2021).

“The ancestors of J.R.R. Tolkien” (abstract only, paper withdrawn… “his grandfather John Benjamin (1807-96) had a thriving music business at 70 and 87 New Street”, Birmingham).

“Retracing Classical Motifs: Classical Reception of Greek Epic Cycle in Tolkien’s The Silmarillion” (substantial abstract and bibliography only) (if you’re not a member of Academia.edu you can only get the public PDF download via a link from a Google Scholar search).

“Tolkien : essai d’une lecture philosophique” (in French, appears to argue that Tolkien’s major creations can be considered a legitimate “work of philosophy” even though he was not a trained philosopher).

New or newly-online Tolkien scholarship of interest

More new or newly-online Tolkien scholarship of interest, freely available:

* Kristine Larsen has “Numenor and the “Devouring Wave”” in the Journal of Tolkien Research. She also has “”I am Primarily a Scientific Philologist”: Tolkien and the Science/Technology Divide” (2019, expanded), and “”While the World Lasted”: End Times
in Tolkien’s Works” (2015), both newly showing up on Google Scholar. The latter two are on Academia.edu, which if you’re not member only allows linked PDF downloads from a Scholar search — thus you’ll have to search for the titles there.

* Review of Tolkien and the Classical World. The title and cover page of the review has the book as 2021, but the review’s header has it as 2017. The only paper I’d want has an abstract which puts it at December 2020, “”Eastwards and Southwards”: Philological and Historical Perspectives on Tolkien and Classicism”… “it is argued that Tolkien is fascinated with the spread of culture from an area which seems to map onto the Caucasus-Caspian region. In this he appears to follow the German Indo-Europeanists Otto Schrader and Victor Hehn, rather than the ‘Nordicist’ school represented by Karl Penka and Hermann Hirt.” There is also a usefully different abstract here. The book is not yet on Amazon UK as Tolkien and the Classical World, and is not to be confused there with the earlier Tolkien and the Classics (2019) which is on Amazon and has a different editorship. Tolkien Gateway has Tolkien and the Classical World as being released January 2021, which I’ll take as valid over the other dates. eBay seems to be your best current bet for getting a copy.

* Newly open access at Mallorn (2018, released via the two-year paywall) “The Lovecraft Circle and the Inklings: The “Mythopoeic Gift” of H.P. Lovecraft”, and “Checking the Facts” (appears to closely pick up and scrutinise various scholarly errors of recent years).

* “Deep Roots are Not Reached by the Frost”: Tolkien and the Welsh Language.

* “A Ray of Light: The Theological Vision of Letter 89”. (On Academia.edu, which if you’re not member only allows linked PDF downloads from a Scholar search — thus you’ll have to search for the title there).

* “The Theopolitical Vision of G.K. Chesterton and J.R.R. Tolkien and its Contemporary Relevance” (Appears to be in Spanish, but is in fact in English). Related are the various essays on Tolkien and Distributism of recent years, which are now getting to be enough to fill a book.

* J.R.R. Tolkien’s sub-creation theory: literary creativity as participation in the divine creation.

* Comments from Beyond Bree, on the recent book Something has Gone Crack.


Past surveys: Unleash the mega-Tolk! and More recent Tolkien work.

More recent Tolkien work

Here are some more picks from the latest public and free Tolkien scholarship, following my last such. That was posted here back in November 2020.

* “The ‘Polish Inkling’: Professor Przemyslaw Mroczkowski as J.R.R. Tolkien’s Friend and Scholar”. May have something relevant, re: exactly when Tolkien first discovered his true ancestry. (Update, no insight re: ancestry, but it does illuminate Tolkien’s publication-history in Poland)

* “The Tale of the Old Forest: The Damaging Effects of Forestry in J.R.R. Tolkien’s Written Works”. “… Finally the essay reconstructs a linear history of the Old Forest through posthumously published materials such as Unfinished Tales of Numenor & Middle-earth to discover the causes of the Old Forest’s villainy”. (Update: lacks the hoped-for focus on deep-history ’causes’, unconvincing on these)

* “Tolkien and the Age of Forgery: Improving Antiquarian Practices in Arda”. “…Drawing on previously unpublished folios from Tolkien’s undergraduate notebooks…”. Nice, anything that gets access to unpublished items from that period is of interest to me. (Update: the “folios” turn out to be just lecture-notes from a first-year lecture he attended)

* “Alcuin and Cynewulf: the Art and Craft of Anglo-Saxon verse”. Text of the Sir Israel Gollancz Memorial Lecture for 2019. A section at the end… “considers the authorship and identity of Cynewulf”. Yes, since 1954 he’s no longer been considered by academics to have penned the actual earendel lines, but interesting all the same. (Update: the Appendix is substantial, and reconsiders the neglected ‘was he the Bishop of Lindisfarne’ suggestion, which was an early suggestion that was overtaken by later findings re: Mercia).

* “‘I Dwelt There Once’: Home, Belonging and Dislocation in J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings”. (Philosophy dissertation from Finland, and it looks fairly sound). (Update: An excellent piece of work, very illuminating of an important theme running through LOTR).

* “‘Her Enchanted Hair’: Rossetti, ‘Lady Lilith’, and the Victorian Fascination with Hair as Influences on Tolkien. “Gitter may claim that ‘the Victorian vision of magic hair did not survive long into the twentieth century’, but in Tolkien’s early- to mid-twentienth-century writing it is alive and well, and even embellished upon.”

The reading of my previous listing of interesting recent work yielded a variety of interesting items. Some observations: The Zeppelin essay was terrific and definitely informs the flying Nazgul and various forms of ‘far-seeing’ in LOTR. Tolkien was no palaeographer, despite his good ‘hand’ with a pen and his interest in ‘hands’ both in the speech-gestural and scribal meanings of the word. He was likely at work for the OED by Christmas 1918. The terrific new book The Transmission of Beowulf (2017) very strongly supports Tolkien’s early dating of Beowulf. The Rohirrim can be said to have early Mercian names, if one investigates the full names in the notes Tolkien made for the benefit of his translators. An Exeter Book photographic facsimile was produced in the early 1930s. A new earendel variant has been found in an early Gothic sermon. I also note that too many Tolkien items are still hidden away in tiny inaccessible journals such as Orcrist or obscure and expensive ‘academic library’ chapter collections, e.g. Larsen, Goering, and also the final reading of the earendel variant.

Unleash the mega-Tolk!

It’s that time of year again. Recent Tolkien scholarship of interest, noted and downloaded for my reading as a 400-page combined “mega-tolk.pdf”. All free and public unless noted.


Tolkien’s wartime and immediate post-war experience:

* “Tolkien and the Zeppelins”… “his posting to Holderness, in April 1917, placed him in the alarms and excursions of another front line.”

* “Tolkien’s Work on the Oxford English Dictionary”. New evidence… “suggests that Tolkien was carrying out work for the OED earlier than previously believed.” By Christmas 1918.

Lord of the Rings:

* “Tolkien’s Tom Bombadil: An Enigma “(Intentionally)””.

* “Tolkien’s Lost Knights”. (On how Tolkien side-stepped the worn-out ‘fantasy knights’ genre and offered more appealing heroes).

* “Tolkien’s Thalassocracy and Ancient Greek Seafaring People: Minoans, Phaeacians, Atlantans, and Númenóreans”. (Tolkien Studies, not free)

Poetry and artistry:

* “”Doworst” by J.R.R. Tolkien: A Disappeared Poem”. (Early 1930s).

* “The Living Tradition of Medieval Scripts in J.R.R. Tolkien’s Calligraphy”. (On scribal hands that may have inspired his own style).

Book reviews:

* Garth’s “The Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien: The Places That Inspired Middle-earth”.

* “A Wilderness of Dragons: Essays in Honor of Verlyn Flieger” (Journal of Tolkien Research).

* “A Wilderness of Dragons: Essays in Honor of Verlyn Flieger”. (Tolkien Studies, not free)

* “Music in Tolkien’s Work and Beyond”. (Mythlore)

* “Music in Tolkien’s Work and Beyond”. (Journal of Inklings Studies)

* “Tolkien and the Classics”.

* “Pagan Saints in Middle-earth”.

* “Hobbit Virtues: Rediscovering Virtue Ethics through J.R.R. Tolkien”.

* “Something Has Gone Crack”: New Perspectives on J.R.R. Tolkien in the Great War”. (Journal of Inklings Studies).

* “Tolkien’s Cosmology: Divine Beings and Middle-earth”.

* “Creation and Beauty in Tolkien’s Catholic Vision: A Study in the Influence of Neoplatonism”.

Surveys and bibliographies:

* “The Year’s Work in Tolkien Studies 2017”. (Tolkien Studies 2020, not free)

* Tolkien Bibliography (in English) for 2018. (Tolkien Studies 2020, not free)