Tolkien Gleanings #119

Tolkien Gleanings #119.

* The Knowing and Understanding C.S. Lewis podcast interviews Holly Ordway on her new book Tolkien’s Faith. It’s a two-part interview, and only the first 25 minutes is currently available.

* A pleasing poster for the forthcoming German conference on visualising Tolkien’s work, to be held in Gottingen in Germany, 27th to 29th October 2023. No programme listing, as yet.

* A less pleasing cover for the September/October issue of the St. Austin Review, themed as ‘A Tolkien Jubilee’. Looks vaguely like an orange and elderly Ken Dodd, to me. It’s the teeth, I guess.

  – “On Fairy-Stories and Fantasy: 50 Years After the Father’s Farewell”.

  – “The Liturgy of the Mass Seen Through Tolkien’s Lens of Fairy-Story”.

  – “Good Love, Bad Love: From Tolkien to Denis de Rougemont and Back Again”.

  – A review of The Nature of Middle-Earth.

* Bitter Winter details a recently auctioned and (apparently) previously unknown 1969 letter from Tolkien.

* In The Critic this week, “Tolkien, 50 Years On: the true scale of his legacy is gradually becoming apparent”. One of the better and more thoughtful articles in the current wave of ‘Tolkien for the clueless’ articles appearing in newspapers and magazines.

* And finally, the long-running British Fairies blog this weekend surveys “Popular Views of Faeries in Victorian and Edwardian Times”, as seen on popular cards of the period. This post’s focus necessarily gives a one-sided view. But recall that a fairy-play, The Blue Bird, could win Maetlinck the 1911 Nobel Prize for Literature. And that Kipling, author of Puck of Pook’s Hill (1906), had won the Nobel Prize in 1907. Such was the context in which Tolkien began writing.

Amazon is full

Every single Amazon locker in central Stoke-on-Trent is full and accepting no new orders…

“This location is temporarily unavailable because it’s full.”

All of them. Even the big one at the main Post Office and the city’s main shopping centre. How can this be? It’s the same for a tiny cheap item or a larger expensive item, so size or price are not the problems. Nor can it be that it’s an item that’s somehow ‘hazardous’ or ‘fragile’.

All lockers have been full for about five days now. Did a chunk of the population just win the Lottery, or something? Or perhaps students are returning, flush with new loan cash?

How are Amazon going to cope at Christmas, if they can’t cope at the start of September?


Update: Still all “full”. Easier to go to M&S at Wolstanton, and cheaper too!

Get lost, Guardian…

The Guardian newspaper makes a flying visit to Stoke today…

Frontier towns are bypassed, forgotten, often forlorn, occasionally vicious in the old sense of the word: full of vice. Seediness inhabits their edges, and edges are what they mainly are.

Thanks. The visitor from the Guardian comes away dizzied by the place-names and the many-towns -ness of the place…

… to this madness of nomenclature [names] and borough fragmentation, we can add the fact that the five, or six, towns merge into Newcastle-under-Lyme to the west, making the latter’s contours and clamour indistinguishable from Stoke’s. No green belt has curbed this coalescence.

No… the writer has overlooked the steep valley ridge. From the woods behind The Villas, through the Richmond St. allotments and adjacent Park, along the ridge into the very long Hartshill Park above the school, then across the recreation ground and to the woods above PotClays, then into the start of the Bradwell Woods alongside the A500, and then along the woodland ridge toward the north and the cross-over tunnel to Bathpool and Kidsgrove. It’s not official Green Belt, and is occasionally nibbled at by the Council for new housing (e.g. the new fill-in-estate above the south end of Hartshill Park, on the old primary school site), but the valley ridge serves much the same purpose in providing a belt of greenery between Stoke and ‘Castle. All very narrow and fragile (e.g. Newcastle’s mad plan to build on the Bradwell Crematorium recreation grounds) admittedly, but it’s there.

The Guardian, presumably visiting from London, was confused not just by Stoke but the whole of the Midlands…

Arguably, the whole of the Midlands could be construed as a region intended to confuse and defy

Yes, it must be strange to visit a place that most southerners believe doesn’t really exist. For many who rarely venture north of the Watford Gap, England is just ‘the south’ and ‘the north’, with nothing possible in-between. Just the stalwart manufacturing powerhouse of the nation. ‘Nothing to see here, move along now.’

High on disorientation, I drove around like a J.G. Ballard cipher.

Ballard was a 1970s science-fiction writer known for his tales of isolation, disorientation and quiet despair in post-apocalyptic landscapes. Even the Guardian’s uber SatNav has problems…

I plugged Wedgwood into the satnav and was sent to purgatory – a weird semi-private estate

Oh, the horror… ‘unprepared Guardian journo accidentally finds somewhere quite nice in Stoke’. But isn’t it actually rather nice to live in a place which so delightfully bamboozles and confounds so many visitors? And yet which is all perfectly obvious to locals. Especially walkers and cyclists, who know a totally different and far greener city than the grotty ‘main roads city’ that the car-bound know, including all the semi-secret ‘little ways through’ like the old Market Drayton line.

Ye Olde Market Drayton railway line

Apparently we only have two key attractions for Guardian readers. The Potteries Museum, and…

the Stanley Matthews statue at Stoke City stadium

Well, yes… I guess if you’re a football historian. Though it’s in the car-park at the back and then around to the north, which is not open to casual visitors or walk-throughs (the lower walk-up gates are often shut, unless there’s a match or Job Fair etc). Good luck getting permission to visit/photograph when it’s not a match day, and even then you might have trouble with the stewards. A first-time football historian visitor to the city might however want to visit the Stanley Matthews ‘ceramic shrine’, in the Minster churchyard, I’d suggest.

But if the newspaper’s readers do ever visit the Stadium, they should note there’s also a Gordon Banks statue out by the roadside and publicly accessible.

Tolkien Gleanings #118

Tolkien Gleanings #118.

* “A Tale of Two Essays: The Inklings on the Alliterative Meter” in Notes and Queries (August 2023). No download, but a useful long abstract…

“… why did Tolkien claim precedence [for the metrical appendix in ‘On Translating Beowulf’] despite knowing, strictly speaking, that such precedence was false? My solution to this minor mystery is that Tolkien simply got ‘scooped’ by his friend [C.S. Lewis]. That is, Lewis unintentionally pre-empted Tolkien’s essay, yet his own essay seems to have directly spurred Tolkien, a perennial procrastinator, into completing a metrical work fifteen years in the planning.

* A Spanish cultural journal has a new Tolkien special, complete with slightly scary cover-art. Seems to be a fairly standard mix, but the article on a “biographical link” may interest some…

a profile of the author; a discussion of LoTR; a look at “twelve clues that illuminate some enigmas” in his work; discussion of the film adaptations; and “Andreu Navarra explains his biographical link with Tolkien”.

* In Italy, the La Repubblica newspaper’s cultural magazine also celebrates Tolkien. Specifically the new Italian Sir Gawain & The Green Knight

* Oxonmoot 2023 is now underway in Oxford. The final schedule includes, among others…

  – “A Tolkien Onomasticon: the need, and a possible approach”. [The need for a full and scholarly name-list]

  – “Making The Invisible Visible: presences of evil and disappearing characters in illustrations for J.R.R. Tolkien”. [How do we illustrate the “hidden things” in Tolkien or his descriptions such as “Not a nasty, dirty, wet hole”?]

  – “Dyeing in Middle-earth”. [“Explores the links between Tolkien’s use of distinctive colours to define the races of Middle-earth, and the flora he names” in LoTR].

  – “A Different Gaze: hidden features in Tolkien’s drawings” [We can now see “some minute features which might otherwise have remained unnoticed” [and the talk will itemise] “the hidden features in Tolkien’s drawings which have been identified so far.”]

  – “Reading Tolkien in the 1950s” [This was “a very different experience from the context of present-day publications and adaptations. It is worthwhile examining the development of our knowledge of the Legendarium in this light.”]

  – “Creative ‘Borrowings’: an overview of Heimskringla’s influence on J.R.R. Tolkien and C.S. Lewis” [On “the two authors’ different responses to the classic Norse text Heimskringla, written by the twelfth-century scholar Snorri Snurluson.”]

  – “Water-Lillies Bringing: a horrific monster hidden in plain sight” [Bombadil as a reflection of “a terrible monster posing as a kind and innocent figure”? Sounds like it’s about the real-world River-man folk-lore, and perhaps and/or inland pool nixies. Both of which I’ve detailed in my recent book.]

  – “The Animals That Are Not There (and the trees that are)” [Why “among all of Tolkien’s descriptions of nature, are there almost no descriptions of animals?”]

The latter talk also asks… “How come Bilbo doesn’t have a dog that goes on walks with him, and why aren’t there any cats in the Prancing Pony Inn”? Because dogs appear to be big nasty smelly hairy farmyard things with fangs, not the modern cute breeds. Having a dog would also likely alarm dwarves and elves, scare off all local birds and wildlife (as they do), and would further mean the ring could not be used — the presence of the dog would give Bilbo away. Also because he probably has nasty memories of the white wolves invading the Shire in the Fell Winter of 2911 (he was there, though a young hobbit at age 21). As for cats, with all the ruckus going on inside the Prancing Pony, the stables packed with smelly (and then escaped en masse) horses, and a Black Rider prowling about outside, any cats would have been sensibly keeping well away from the frontage and stables of the Prancing Pony while the hobbits were there. Perhaps the next morning they were all round the back, sniffing for the kitchen scraps? Actually, we know Bob and thus the Pony has at least one cat, since the text tells us so: “Bob ought to learn his cat the fiddle, and then we’d have a dance”.

* A new undergradate dissertation from Ohio, “Into the Mythopoeia of J.R.R. Tolkien and C.S. Lewis: Memories of War through Fantasy Literature” (2023). The author has done primary source work in the Bodleian. The download is embargoed, but the page has a long abstract.

* And finally, the Derbyshire well-dressing tradition has been extended to Tolkien. Holymoorside has three new well-dressing panels featuring Tolkien scenes, each made with around 40 varieties of flowers, plus leaves and seeds collected from the locality. Well-dressing is a folk custom practiced in the Derbyshire Peak district and parts of North Staffordshire, involving the painstaking creation of large decorated panel-pictures made with flower-petals and seeds, which are then placed around local springs and water-wells.

Den Siegertsz returns

Good to hear that local radio presenter Den Siegertsz is back, with a weekly Sunday lunchtime show on the non-profit Churnet Sound, sponsored by the local maker of Staffordshire oatcakes.

“Den’s new show will be on DAB in north Staffordshire and South Cheshire every Sunday from noon.”

No debut date yet, but coming soon. Churnet Sound broadcast from Biddulph Town Hall. It seems they also stream online, which is good for those for whom the DAB signal is ‘bubbling mud’.

The Haunting of Stoke-on-Trent

Always good to find a supernatural tale about Stoke-on-Trent. New to me is The Haunting of Stoke-on-Trent (2017) by Julian Middleton. 58 pages in paper (says eBay), 89 pages in paper (says Amazon UK) or 33 pages (says the Kindle ebook store). The back cover of the paperback on Amazon suggests the reason for the expanded page count… an added “special bonus story”. So my guess is it’s perhaps 15,000 words for the main tale.

The blurb suggests a children’s book…

When an earth tremor creates a gaping fissure in the middle of his street, Tom Hughes is horrified to witness a group of ghostly miners emerge from it. As a terrifying apparition looms over the distant hill of Mow Cop, and the miners create a path of destruction on their way to join it, it’s up to Tom and his sister Jen to save Stoke-On-Trent from certain doom…

And an Amazon reviews confirms. It’s a short children’s book, and is apparently written for easy comprehension by those in early middle childhood (Amazon suggests ages 7-9) who may not be regular book readers yet.

Taking the goose

New on eBay (not from me), Goose going shopping. Via Getty, so you’re not also buying further usage-rights with the print. Unless you can find Getty’s source and establish that it’s now public domain.

“3rd April 1937: Mrs Lockyer from Stoke-on-Trent takes her pet goose out shopping. The bird has been taught to accept pennies, and has collected a large sum for charity.”

Here newly colorised. Another for a hypothetical “Surreal Stoke” exhibition.

New and local on Archive.org

Some new and local items for free on Archive.org:

The Two Universities Way: a green route to walk from Staffordshire University to Keele University (2012).

Mountain Bike Guide: Midlands (1994).

The Technique of Pottery (1962).

Staffordshire Poets (1928) (Poets of the Shires series).

Anglo-Saxon burial mounds : princely burial in the 6th & 7th centuries (partly a survey of Midlands mounds).

And I also found this commentary by the writer A.S. Byatt, recalling her Stoke great-aunt, and possibly also a Stoke headmistress…

“I made a story, ‘Racine and the Tablecloth’. It was written partly to defend Racine and ‘the gods in the blood’ against the schoolteachers who were encouraging my ambitious daughter to ‘be a gardener, if she wanted to’. She didn’t. She wanted to learn enough French to read Racine and go to university, but they wanted to persuade her that ambition was bad, competition was bad, French was for railway stations […] Into my story of my wrath and despair [at this attitude…] I wove an image of my great-aunt Thirza, who was photographed when she was over eighty, in her house in Stoke-on-Trent amongst her exquisitely bright tablecloths and cushions, embroidered on ivory satin, of the kind sold for wedding dresses. She was a mythical figure. my great-aunt Thirza. ‘She had blonde hair so long she could sit on it’ my aunt would always say. I believe that as well as following the linear shadowed ‘transfers’ (like neo-Platonic ‘forms’) [in her embroidery] she sometimes invented her own fruit and flowers, boughs and garlands. I have several of the cushions still. The silks are still bright. In my story my great-aunt Thirza stood for my ordinary origins, and her own bright work, for women making things in snatched time. But she was not allied with my levelling, ladylike headmistress, who haunts my dreams still: the nay-sayer, the antagonist, the fairy godmother who turned gold threads back into dull straw.” (Ovid metamorphosed).

Also on early education in the Potteries…

[In the early part of the Industrial Revolution affordable books for spelling, reading and writing – and their associated small paid-for single-teacher ‘dame’ or ‘penny’ schools – served] “a rapidly expanding middle class market, but they were so cheap and published in such numbers that it was not difficult for a working-class parent to get hold of something like Mayor’s English Spelling Book. The local newspapers in the Potteries for instance, regularly carried bookseller’s advertisements in the 1830s and 1840s for manuals on reading and writing at prices from sixpence to two shillings.” (Silences & images : the social history of the classroom).

Tolkien Gleanings #117

Tolkien Gleanings #117.

* Currently up for auction, with good pictures, a 1955 J.R.R. Tolkien autograph letter. On completing LoTR, Tolkien perhaps rather jokingly reveals he was being “bullied” by a fellow academic into not having a happy ending, but then asks with seeming anxiousness… “Would you call it a happy ending? Auden on the whole approves of Vol. III (seen in galley)”. Bidding ends 24th September 2023.

* The Franciscan University of Steubenville now has a partial speaker-list for their Tolkien conference “A Long Expected Party: A Semicentennial Celebration Of Tolkien’s Life, Works, And Afterlife”, set for 22nd-23rd September 2023. Holly Ordway and Carl F. Hostetter are the keynote speakers. Back in March 2023 the call-for-papers asked for new work on the “less studied elements of Tolkien’s legendarium and recently published works”. One hopes that the recordings will find their way online for free, after the event.

* I’ve only just spotted the long podcast “Lewis and Tolkien: Imagination and Sexuality” (March 2023), which paired Holly Ordway with the C.S. Lewis scholar Michael Ward. For the .mp3 download, click on ‘… More’, then right-click ‘Download Audio’ and then ‘Save Linked Content…’.

* New in Welsh, “Cymraeg egsotig J.R.R. Tolkien”, as an embargoed pre-print in a repository. The embargo locks pop on 22nd September 2023. The title translates as ‘The Exotic Welsh of J.R.R Tolkien’, and the article is otherwise in print in Bangor University’s stylish Welsh-language magazine O’r Pedwar Gwynt ($ paywall).

* New on Archive.org for the first time, Tolkien’s The Old English Exodus (1982). A poor and grainy scan, with no OCR… but free.

* And finally, the French newspaper La Vie interviews Vincent Ferre in French. Professor of Comparative Literature at the Sorbonne, and also overseer of the Tolkien Editions at the French publisher Christian Bourgeois. The interview has no news and is very much ‘potted Tolkien for the average newspaper reader who’s never encountered Tolkien’. But it looks like one of the better examples of the breed.

Finding a Wright’s ‘Coal Tar’ Soap alternative

I was annoyed this week to find that Wright’s Coal Tar soap bars have switched down from 125g to 100g (though still 80 pence, at supermarket prices).

On researching this I was further annoyed to find that it’s no longer even Wright’s Coal Tar soap. The EU blocked proper coal tar soap from open sale from around 2012. Wright’s is now merely billed as ‘traditional soap with coal tar fragrance’. And not so much of the old ‘coal tar’ fragrance at that, since the smell is now emulated via a blend of other scents. Quite a toned-down smell, and quite variable from bar to bar. Sometimes hardly even noticeable, I’ve been finding. I put this variability of ‘the coal tar smell’ (which I like and find pleasant) down to the lockdowns and supply problems, and gave the company the benefit of the doubt. But I now discover the horrible truth about this much-loved ‘heritage’ brand.

Wright’s soap is now said to be made in Turkey at the behest of a brand owner in Solihull, near Birmingham. The old original Wright’s firm having sold out at the end of the 1960s. The active antiseptic ingredient is now the cheap and ubiquitous ‘tea oil’, rather than coal tar (aka liquor carbonis).

Even the vintage “Original” Wright’s bars, occasionally for sale on eBay, show by their wrapping that the smell was being reduced before the EU ban…

Note the “milder fragrance” claim. It’s definitely not a smell loved by all, and some (especially women who have to live with it on their men) hate it.

Ok, so are there alternatives in 2023 that have real coal tar and the proper smell? I took a look. ‘Kind of’ is the answer.

First, avoid a Russian seller on eBay. There’s a Russian ‘pine tar’ soap which a canny Russian seller passes off as ‘coal tar’, banking that the clueless buyer won’t know the difference. But pine tar is not coal tar.

The only genuine coal tar soap of any reputation in the UK seems to be Cosalic soap made by Salvia of India (aka Coslic or Cosilc on eBay). 3% coal tar. Possibly this is branded as Bistar in India, since Bistar has the same distinctive bar shape and colour as Coslic. They actively play on the “coal” idea, by making it look like a shaped lump of black coal. Nice idea, and delightfully politically incorrect.

Regrettably though it’s very expensive either way. Even a 6-pack on Amazon UK will cost £3.88 a bar. That’s £3 a bar more than Wright’s! The India Bistar version seems to be even more expensive, probably due to shipping hiding in the ‘free shipping’ price.

I also found some U.S. sellers on eBay, from expensive back-room hand-made soap makers to the slick and incredibly expensive U.S. Dermabon brand (£28 a bar!).

It seems that part of the cost problem is that the equipment needed to get coal tar can only be used for coal tar extraction, not multi-use for other products. And that complying with health regulations for the extraction workers is now quite costly for the manufacturer. Once extracted the crude tar material (‘coal tar BP’) is flammable and thus presumably needs guards and a fire extinguisher system. Trade papers also report post-lockdown shortages (summer 2022) of the items needed to then make the raw coal tar into a retail consumer product.

Thus, while Cosalic soap is freely available in the UK via Amazon… it is only barely a replacement for Wright’s due to cost… and also because Cosalic’s soap appears to disguise the smell with all sorts of other things. Still, it may be worth trying. Like I said, it’s openly sold on Amazon UK.

I also found the trusted and UK-made Polytar Scalp Coal Tar Shampoo 150ml, also freely sold in the UK by Amazon. Under £10 for a 150ml bottle. Has 4% coal tar. It’s better value than the competing 2% Neutrogena T/Gel Therapeutic Shampoo 250ml, also freely sold (Tesco and Morrisons also have T/Gel on open shelves). Note that the UK’s official body NICE offers public advice on coal tar shampoo use… “applied once a week, left on for one hour and then shampooed off”. I’m not qualified to offer medical advice here, but this top-level official tip seems useful. It’s evidently best left on for a time, rather than washed off after three minutes.

Anyway, Polytar is by all accounts great for the coal tar smell, and the NICE advice means the shampoo can be left on for much of one’s bath-time. Thus it seems to me that the way to get the authentic olde 1960s ‘Coal Tar’ experience would be to apply your Polytar shampoo shortly after entering a bath, while also sparingly using a very expensive bar of Cosalic. Perhaps also have Wright’s cheapo ersatz 80p bar on hand too, to make the soap go a bit further.

Update: No Polytar at Morrisons or Tesco, but apparently Superdrug, Lloyds Pharmacy and Boots carry it on their shelves in the UK.


Interestingly in America they don’t care about EU nonsense, at least for dogs. I was amused to discover that their “PPP Tar-ific Skin Relief Dog Shampoo” sells over the counter, and by the gallon(!) and with 2% coal tar.


Also, I see that the EU has banned Zinc Pyrithione as well, from March 2022. If you were wondering why your anti-dandruff shampoo no longer works half as well as it used to, now you know. So far as I can tell the EU’s reasoning on such things is: it’s safe, but there may be ‘suitable alternatives’, thus it must be banned. That’s how the EU’s bizarre logic works. Of course, in time the ‘suitable alternatives’ may turn out to be… unsuitable. As such I’d rather stick with what’s been proven to be safe for over 50 years and billions of real-world human uses.

Update: Discovered Sudocrem. Amazing stuff! After decades of E45 with little result, I tried Sudocrem instead and… eczema clears up in 48 hours! Get it in the baby aisle of the supermarket (it’s in heavy demand for nappy-rash), at around £2.50 per pot. Cheap and easily available and… works. What’s not to like? The zinc in it, I guess, and I’d be willing to bet the government would ban it (see note on the zinc shampoo ban, above), if they thought there would not be a mother’s uprising that would sweep them out of power within a week.

Tolkien Gleanings #116

Tolkien Gleanings #116.

* New this week on the Mythmakers podcast, an interview with Holly Ordway about her important new book Tolkien’s Faith (due for release on 2nd September 2023). For the .mp3 download, click on ‘… More’, then right-click ‘Download Audio’ and then ‘Save Linked Content…’. I hadn’t realised that the Birmingham Oratory that Tolkien knew as a boy is not not the one we have now. The new building was begun when Tolkien was about age 15 and completed three years later in 1910. He left Birmingham for Oxford in 1911, so as a schoolboy he would only have known the new and current building in daily use for perhaps 18 months.

* Newly and freely online, a short scholarly introduction to “Trees in J.R.R. Tolkien’s World”. Originally in “Birks, A. (2010), Etudes Tolkiennes, Universite Catholique de l’Ouest.” This journal Etudes Tolkiennes appears to have produced two issues and was a departmental collection of “the best articles written by Masters research students studying ‘Interculturality: Languages ​​and Cultures’ at UCO”. The journal appears to have otherwise utterly vanished into the mists of time. Note that this “Trees” article can also be had as a PDF download, by those not signed up to Researchgate, by searching for the title on Google Scholar.

* The Tolkien et al. Gawain is to get an Italian edition next week. Sir Gawain e il cavaliere verde: Con Perla e Sir Orfeo is due to ship on 30th August 2023 from Bompiani. “Beautifully rendered in a new translation” together with Pearl, and with a translation of Christopher Tolkien’s introduction. Also coming at the end of October 2023 is an Italian hardback edition of Hammond & Scull’s J.R.R. Tolkien: artista e illustratore, which may interest non-Italian readers simply for the pictures. Italian artbooks having a certain reputation for quality printing.

* A new edition of SELIM: Journal of the Spanish Society for Medieval English Language and Literature (Vol. 28 No. 1, July 2023). Note that many of the DOI links are broken (no surprise there, as around 50% of all DOIs are broken), but the PDF links are fine. This issue of SELIM has an addendum to “The Missing Letters J.R.R. Tolkien Received from Derek J. Price and R.M. Wilson”, together with a review of Winters in the World: A Journey through the Anglo-Saxon Year (2022) and of Tolkien in the 21st Century (2022). From the sound of it the latter is surprisingly historical, given the book’s title and sub-title “Reading, Reception, and Reinterpretation”. The book having within it “Fairy Women in J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings and their Arthurian Counterparts” and “Tolkien’s Runes and their Legacy” in which the reviewer notes…

“Birkett establishes that the runes devised by Tolkien, contrary to his claims, did derive from older sources, at least appearance-wise”

* “Plans to revive pub where Tolkien and C.S. Lewis met”. It’s said that the firm applying for local council planning permission remains “committed to the Eagle and Child as a public house”. If the building of a restaurant extension can be approved, the firm will also “lightly” restore and refurbish. Though it sounds like the place has been left to go to rack-and-ruin, and probably needs a lot more work. Yet there’s obviously a market in Oxford, since the newly community-owned Lamb & Flag pub was reported in mid June to be thriving more than six months after re-opening.

* And finally, 20,000 words are newly included in a new dictionary of Shakespeare’s English. These are found in the new Arden Encyclopedia of Shakespeare’s Language (August 2023). The first two volumes (of five) should be available quite soon, and together these two hold the complete new A-Z. The new words are also drawn from a huge corpus written by Shakespeare’s contemporaries, as well as from the works. They have a £400 retail list-price, but currently no price on Amazon UK. The press-release was issued before Amazon could price the books for pre-order.